[179] The impact occurred at 77:56:40 into the mission and produced enough energy that the gain on the seismometer, 117 kilometers (73 mi) from the impact, had to be reduced. The seventh and final episode was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The resulting fire quickly increased pressure inside the tank and the tank dome failed, filling the fuel cell bay (SM Sector 4) with rapidly expanding gaseous oxygen and combustion products. All three astronauts were cold, especially Swigert, who had got his feet wet while filling the water bags and had no lunar overshoes (since he had not been scheduled to walk on the Moon). The normal procedure, in lunar orbit, was to release the LM and then use the service module's RCS to pull the CSM away, but by this point, the SM had already been released. [22] Slayton's original choices for Apollo 13 were Alan Shepard as commander, Stuart Roosa as CMP, and Mitchell as LMP. [192] Nevertheless, the accident convinced some officials, such as Manned Spaceflight Center director Gilruth, that if NASA kept sending astronauts on Apollo missions, some would inevitably be killed, and they called for as quick an end as possible to the program. When it would not empty normally, the heaters in the tank were turned on to boil off the oxygen. None of these was attempted because of the accident. Intended to land on Apollo 13; only person to fly to the Moon twice without landing. The cask placed around the capsule for transport to the Moon was built with heat shields of graphite and of beryllium, and with structural parts of titanium and of Inconel materials. Two versions of the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) spacecraft were developed: Block I intended for preliminary low Earth orbit testing, and Block II which was designed for the lunar landing. Irwin came onto the lunar surface soon after his commander, Scott. [105], In the minutes after the accident, there were several unusual readings, showing that tank 2 was empty and tank 1's pressure slowly falling, that the computer on the spacecraft had reset and that the high-gain antenna was not working. He was vindicated by post-mission analysis, and implemented a rule that during the mission, the flight director's word was absolute[10]—to overrule him, NASA would have to fire him on the spot. The SM was jettisoned less than half an hour later, allowing the crew to see the damage for the first time, and photograph it. [131] Despite all this, the crew voiced few complaints. [192] Nixon's advisers recommended canceling the remaining lunar missions, saying that a disaster in space would cost him political capital. Then, with the crew safely back on Earth, public apathy set in once again. [90] Ground controllers then sent the third stage on a course to impact the Moon in range of the Apollo 12 seismometer, which it did just over three days into the mission. The CM's systems had to be shut down to conserve its remaining resources for reentry, forcing the crew to transfer to the LM as a lifeboat. During John Glenn's Mercury Friendship 7 flight in February 1962 (the first crewed orbital flight by the U.S.), one of Kraft's decisions was overruled by NASA managers. Coincidentally, due to the Moon's distance from Earth at the time, they simultaneously set the present record for humans' greatest distance from Earth, reaching an altitude of 400,171 km (248,655 mi) above sea level at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970. Liebergot initially missed the worrying signs from tank 2 following the stir, as he was focusing on tank 1, believing that its reading would be a good guide to what was present in tank 2; so did controllers supporting him in the "back room". Haise was again scheduled to walk on the Moon as commander of Apollo 19, but Apollo 18 and Apollo 19 were canceled on September 2, 1970. [126] The crew's ration was 0.2 liters (6.8 fl oz) of water per person per day; the three astronauts lost a total of 14 kilograms (31 lb) among them, and Haise developed a urinary tract infection. Such material was likely to be available at Cone crater, a site where an impact was believed to have drilled deep into the lunar regolith. [150] Damaged Teflon insulation on the wires to the stirring fan inside Oxygen Tank 2 allowed the wires to short-circuit and ignite this insulation. Once this was completed, the third stage was driven out along a collision course with the Moon. [174], None of the Apollo 13 astronauts flew in space again. Of the 24 astronauts who flew to the Moon, two went on to command a Skylab mission, one commanded Apollo–Soyuz, one flew as commander for Approach and Landing Tests of the Space Shuttle , and two commanded orbital Space Shuttle missions. After leaving NASA, he ran for Senate but lost in a primary election against Bill Armstrong. For example, the film changes the tense of Lovell's famous follow-up to Swigert's original words from, "Houston, we've had a problem" to "Houston, we have a problem". in aeronautical engineering, had been a Marine Corps fighter pilot, and was a civilian research pilot for NASA when he was selected as a Group 5 astronaut. [13] With Kennedy's goal accomplished by Apollo 11, and Apollo 12 demonstrating that the astronauts could perform a precision landing, mission planners were able to focus on more than just landing safely and having astronauts minimally trained in geology gather lunar samples to take home to Earth. [124], The CSM's electricity came from fuel cells that produced water as a byproduct, but the LM was powered by silver-zinc batteries which did not, so both electrical power and water (needed for equipment cooling as well as drinking) would be critical. After Lovell retired in 1991, he was approached by journalist Jeffrey Kluger about writing a non-fiction account of the mission. [193] Budget cuts made such a decision easier, and during the pause after Apollo 13, two missions were canceled, meaning that the program ended with Apollo 17 in December 1972. As the CM was being shut down, Lovell copied down its guidance system's orientation information and performed hand calculations to transfer it to the LM's guidance system, which had been turned off; at his request Mission Control checked his figures. [84] Pogo oscillations had occurred on Titan rockets (used during the Gemini program) and on previous Apollo missions,[85][86] but on Apollo 13 they were amplified by an interaction with turbopump cavitation. 1995 interview of Commander Jim Lovell Apollo-Gemini astronaut talking about Apollo 13 and what caused the accident. LM power consumption was reduced to the lowest level possible;[125] Swigert was able to fill some drinking bags with water from the CM's water tap,[117] but even assuming rationing of personal consumption, Haise initially calculated they would run out of water for cooling about five hours before reentry. NASA assigned 32 American astronauts to the Apollo lunar landing program, and 24, flying on nine missions between December 1968 and December 1972, orbited the Moon. [10] In Mission Control, each flight controller, in addition to monitoring telemetry from the spacecraft, was in communication via voice loop to specialists in a Staff Support Room (or "back room"), who focused on specific spacecraft systems. He was found to be entitled to a 60-day extension for being out of the country at the deadline. Houston also informed them that the Moon would be centered in the commander's window of the LM as they made the burn, which was almost perfect – less than 0.3 meters (a foot) per second off. [177], Several experiments were completed even though the mission did not land on the Moon. The Apollo 12 astronauts also left one as part of its ALSEP, which was nuclear-powered. [17] Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew on Apollo 16. Kranz ordered the surge tank isolated, saving its oxygen, but this meant that the remaining fuel cell would die within two hours, as the oxygen in tank 1 was consumed or leaked away. During six two-man landing missions twelve astronauts walked on the lunar surface, and six of those drove Lunar Roving Vehicles. The fuel cell oxygen supply valves were redesigned to isolate the Teflon-coated wiring from the oxygen. The crew experienced great hardship caused by limited power, a chilly and wet cabin and a shortage of potable water. Young and Cernan each set foot on it during their respective second lunar missions, while Lovell is the only person to have flown to the Moon twice without landing. Grumman, manufacturer of the LM, assigned a team of University of Toronto engineers, led by senior scientist Bernard Etkin, to solve the problem of how much air pressure to use to push the modules apart. The story of Apollo 13 has been dramatized several times, most notably in the 1995 film Apollo 13 – based on the 1994 memoir co-authored by Lovell Lost Moon - and an episode of the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. 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