If a person is bending a very special piece of wood, such as from the storm-damaged tree your great, great, great grandfather planted, not breaking it is preferred. For best results, use air-dried lumber, with dehumidification-dried lumber a second choice. Safety note! Insert the pipe about 3 cm into the hole provided for the plug. " flathead screws (8), 1⁄2 Seal the door and turn on the steam, leaving the wood in the box for 1 hour for each inch of thickness. For the manufacture of bent glued blanks, birch veneer is best suited. .Securely clamp the bending form to a sturdy workbench. Rawhide acts in a similar and more dramatic way when it is wet, and then dried to shape. Species of wood that contain a lot of tannins tend to dark, reddish discoloration at the bend. You can use a hose clamp to hold the hose. The pieces should be end-coated to prevent excessive end-grain absorption. Then start the bending using steam heat concentrated on the bend. The wood is then allowed to dry in the device. It is a question of using a pipe or a gutter element into which a strip to be bent is inserted (usually it is bundles of strips) and is left to soak for 24 to 48 hours. You can dry wood in an efficient and easy way. Wood grain rise is a technique woodworkers use to repair small dents, dings, gouges, scratches and rough spots. Our house needs constant maintenance especially as regards the furnishing elements, for example wooden furniture. How to Repair Wood Grain Rise by Steam. Start with these best practices and then let experience be your guide. Wood will bend when steamed at a temperature of about 200°F. 3285A352, McMaster-Carr, 630-833-0300, mcmaster.com. Tension-strap hardware also is available to form parts with bends in two planes. Lee Valley Hardware, 800-871-8158, leevalley.com. Rob Johnstone: I’ve never had a hardwood refuse to bend when I used steam as an aid. The longer the wood is in the ammonia solution, the more plastic it becomes. Temperate hardwoods (e.g. All Rights Reserved. If you use one of the non 3D wood textures, when applied the grain follows the direction of the bend. They can be made independently from wood or purchased in a specialized store. Have all clamps handy. Steaming takes about one hour per inch of workpiece thickness and parts must stay on the bending form for one hour, so unless you make more than one form, the steam box only has to accommodate one part at a time. You’ll never be disappointed by a tendency to overbuild. Note: Steam-bent parts partially spring back after cooling and drying. At the end of which it becomes very obedient and elastic, which allows you to bend, twist it and squeeze relief forms in it under the press. Woods such as oak. Then place the strip in boiling water to soak for several minutes...this heats up the wood. The most plastic, and therefore more suitable wood for bending, are deciduous species of wood, such as birch, beech, oak, hornbeam, ash, maple, linden, poplar, alder. Opening the steam box releases a cloud of steam, so keep your face and any other bare skin away. If you take a 4' long 1/4" dowel and hold it by the ends in front of you, you'll discover that when you bend it, it bends nicely in the center but remains straight at the ends. First, the grain of the wood should be parallel to the sides of the piece being bent and not at an angle. Soaking the wood in ammonia should be carried out in a tightly closed container located in a room that is well ventilated. The length of time it must steam depends on the thickness of the workpiece; it can range anywhere from 20 minutes for a 1/4-in. To bend wood, you need steam. The cellulose fibers telescope to conform to the curve, and the lignin cools to hold them in place. When you have a solid wooden board in front of you, you notice horizontal lines, this is the direction of the grain of the wood. The bending is done in the “direction” of the wood grain : the wood grain, it is the direction of the wood fibers or the direction of the sap in the tree, which goes up from the stump towards the crown. Bending forces the flexible outside fibers of the wood to stretch while it compresses the inside surface. To understand this, it may help to think of the word direction following the word grain. In this final installment, we will discuss steam bending wood. Connect the hose to a pressure cooker or a steam generator and heat on a gas tripod. It is a putsy and annoying technique from my perspective. Parts incorporating convex and concave curves in the same plane require a two-part form to sandwich the workpiece [Drawing below] or special tension-strap hardware [Sources]. The minimum temperature must be 93 degrees Celsius, otherwise the lignin will be insufficiently softened. Such simple crafts can become excellent clips. © 2021 Meredith Corporation. When you have a solid wooden board in front of you, you notice horizontal lines, this is the direction of the grain of the wood. With that said, what makes a hardwood ideal for bending is straight running grain with a minimum of flaws, and a moderate specific density. Frequently used types of wood include: oak, beech, yew, ash, elm, walnut.if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0')}; When choosing wood, it should be noted that woods with a high tannin content can change color when bent. Did you drill a hole in wood by mistake? Put on a pair of thick gloves and take the wood out of the box, immediately bend it according to the desired curve, adding 5% and hold it in place using a tightening strap. In addition, the cork will hold the bundle in shape. But the grain direction of the wood will now be different from the rest of the rail. If this becomes too moist, it can be strongly reshaped after bending and drying. Clamp multiple thin strips at the bend to prevent surface splintering. Whatever type of wood is used, choose pieces for bending with grain that runs in a fairly straight line, see photo (A). Grain direction can fool you. Thick parts, such as the legs on the desk, require significant force so put your body into the bend or enlist a helper. ×48×96" particleboard, 3⁄4 Cut stock for parts requiring tight bends so the annual rings lay flatwise against the surface of the bending form [Drawing delow]. Clamp the blank to the bending form and bending arm, applying clamps both vertically and horizontally. Then, create a form to shape the wood, and place the wood that you want to steam into the box. The most important point is the wood itself, because not every wood is suitable for bending. Place your hanger on the template to check that it matches the desired shape. Lee Valley Hardware publication Veritas Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet, I have numerous plastic storage bins that were designed to hang on a wall-mounted rail. Clamp the straight portion of the leg to the form and then add clamps along the curved section. if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0')}; The elastic strip absorbs part of the energy during stretching and at the same time redistributes the breaking load along the length of the workpiece. Note: Substantial over-steaming can cause the wood to wrinkle on the inside face as the bend progresses. Here’s how steam bending stacks up against other methods for making curved parts: Steam-bent from solid wood+ Finished part has best appearance with continuous end-to-end grain+ No glue-up with visible glue lines+ Strong; no short cross-grain structural weakness– Bending and cooling forms required– Steam box and boiler required– Ultimate curve shape may be somewhat unpredictable, Laminated from thin strips+ Cold process, no special equipment required+ Strong– Bending form required– Lots of strips to cut and keep in order– Difficult to control final part thickness– Messy glue-up, strips want to slip sideways when bent– Dried glue squeeze-out on part must be removed before further processing.– Glue lines often visible, Cut from solid wood+ No form or clamps required, no apparatus to build, just apply a pattern or lay out part directly on workpiece– Board must be wide enough to accommodate the curve, often wasting material– Wood grain does not follow curve of part giving an unnatural appearance– Structural weakness where wood grain takes a short path across the part width (think broken rocking chair rockers). Jun 25, 2014 - Explore dean child's board "steam bending" on Pinterest. Much to my... read more, Team up heat and moisture to add curves to projects. What is Chainsaw Kickback? Soak the lumber for one week in a mixture of ½ cup fabric softener per gallon of water. 70%. Among tropical hardwoods, mahogany gives acceptable results. Tip! Holes or mortises distort or they cause the part to collapse or split; perform these operations after bending. As you might expect, the solid woods that bend the best using steam or thin laminations are also the best choice for kerf bending. The simplest technique, widely used in model making and in DIY projects where the thickness of the material is relatively modest, is that of bending wood with water , preferably carried out when hot. Of wood, it is necessary to carry out round trimming – a couple of pieces. The wood must have a certain elasticity. R. Bruce Hoadley wrote that grain is a "confusingly versatile term" with numerous different uses, including the direction of the wood cells (e.g., straight grain, spiral grain), surface appearance or figure, growth-ring placement (e.g., vertical grain), plane of the cut (e.g., end grain), rate of growth (e.g., narrow grain), and relative cell size (e.g., open grain). " flathead screws, 1⁄2 I have written an detailed and easy guide how you can dry wood! The forms shown [Drawing below] are for the desk, shown in photo above. On the contrary, the cell tissues that grow in if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-medrectangle-4-0')};Did you drill a hole in wood by mistake? The following woods are particularly well suited: It would be harder to bend cherry or maple, but also tropical woods, although eucalyptus and bamboo are relatively easy to bend. Now glue is applied to the upper side of one of the wooden slats. You should be extremely careful, because rough cuts can break a wood. Thanks to this approach, combined with humidification and heating, the permissible bending radius is reduced significantly. There should be an opening in it to allow steam pressure to escape. First, it is necessary to carry out the harvesting of wood, which will be bent. Leave extra length at both ends for trimming. 05F12.02. Make sure the drain hole remains open. The heat of kiln drying makes lignin less susceptible to softening by steaming. In hardly any other area of ​​craftsmanship, experience is as important as when bending wood. When we need to make bends on materials of rather short length and rather considerable thickness, it becomes a little more complicated, as it is easy to imagine, therefore it is necessary to resort to a simple trick: with a circular saw you make a series of parallel cuts , let’s say at a distance of 10 mm from each other, on one side of the table. For tight bends on thick parts, increase box size to accommodate resteaming a partially bent piece. At least it does on this circular bend. Steaming time depends on the thickness of the wood. Allow the part to cool for one hour and then quickly transfer it to a drying form. Insert the boards to be bent inside by placing them on the shims. 9074K186; 1⁄4 The tire is a steel strip with a thickness of half a millimetre to two millimetres, which covers a bar or board along the outer radius and bends on the template with wood. What you are doing when you are steaming wood for bending, is softening the hemicelluloses. Make very regular notches 1 cm apart on three-quarters of the thickness of the wood at the location of your future hanger. A process enabling uniform moisture and heat addition might diminish the likelihood of breakage. You can easily distinguish a real wood from a synthetic through annual growth rings. It has a high level of adhesion, but it takes a long time to dry. Oak, Ash, Beech, Cherry, Birch, Poplar, Elm, Sycamore, Walnut) are a good choice and straight grained timber is always best. " cobalt-steel drill bit no. Bent parts retain most of their shape after cooling but to minimize springback, must be held to a form until completely dry. Wood is a highly anisotropic material (its strength varies considerably with the direction of applied force, i.e. Heat and moisture from steam can soften wood fibres enough so they can be bent and stretched, and when cooled down they will hold their new shape. Make bending forms from particleboard or plywood laminated to a thickness equal to the width of the bending blank. When the wood is softened by water , the folding becomes easy and it is possible to avoid breaking the fibers ; once dried, it has the same strength as the material before bending. How to Remove Stickers from Wood [10 Easy Ways], How to Cut Plywood with a Circular Saw [Easy Way], How to Remove an Angle Grinder Disc [Easy Way], How to Apply Beeswax to Wood [In 6 Easy Steps], How to Glue Wood to Concrete [In 3 Effective Ways], How to Remove Lacquer from Wood [In 4 Simple Ways]. Also, workpiece ends often check as the part cools and dries. The cell tissues that grow in spring and summer are relatively soft. Grain runout refers to areas of a board where the grain ends along the edge. Immediately wipe off the back-up glue using a well-wrung sponge. In addition, a removable lid should be provided in the box, through which it will be possible to pull out the bent tree, after it finishes buying the desired shape. Once enough time has passed, remove the boards from the box, and place the boards in the form, bending them slowly and carefully to prevent splintering. thick chair post. Of course, wood moisture also plays an important role. Even a small grain angle of 20 degrees can cut the wood's basic strength in half. The ones exposed to more air and heat near the outsides of the pile had dried in unexpected ways. We will bend 2" wide x 2 1/4" thick red oak, on edge, bending the vertical grain. Keep notes on species, thickness, bend radius, and steaming time, and always bend at least one more part than you need. Then draw the free end against the form with a one-handed bar clamp. The first step is to determine and confirm if it is really a piece of wood and not a synthetic piece of plastic-like wood. At the end of soaking the wood and shaping it, it is necessary to leave it in such a curved form.if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-box-4-0')}; This is necessary to fix the form, and so that ammonia evaporates. These are a few reasons why steam-bending wood can also break wood. The standard glue for wood in this case will not work. Where a bend is near the end of the part, extra length also provides the leverage needed to anchor the bend. For efficient use of the steam boiler [Sources], a steam box should be only large enough to hold the part blanks with room all around for good circulation. That means you have to keep the exact temperature of 100 degrees while avoiding excess pressure. This process requires a steam chamber with a temperature of 100 ° C. Want to treat wood and don’t know where to start? Mild bends, with minimal stretching along the outside, do not need strapping. With this method, the wood is treated with steam and then clamped in a mold. Technically, the word grain refers to the orientation of wood-cell fibers. Drilled off-center holes are drilled into them. The crystalline lattice structures form during the cooling of the … For more related content, subscribe to our newsletter! There are special measuring instruments available for this purpose, which are available from specialist dealers. Check this post I’ve written on the top 15 hardest woods in the world! Thick parts, such as the legs on the desk, require significant forcea so put your body into the bend or enlist a helper.t. Freshly cut wood can be used as a starting value, which has a moisture value of approx. Don’t worry I have written an easy guide how you can fill a hole in wood in less than 5 minutes! The main drawback is that you cannot use solid wood, which means that you have to ply the plywood with a sheet of wood in order to obtain a nice final appearance. Under bending pressure, the piece thins at the bend as the sides bulge out. We use a table saw to make notches on the wood and allow bending: Do you want to buy a saw and don’t know which saw to choose? Want to choose the hardest types of wood? " cobalt-steel countersink bit no. In cold-rolled steel, the inside bend radius can change depending on whether you’re bending with or against the grain. The cold bending technique is simple, we stick several thicknesses of bendable plywood (depending on the desired thickness) on a mold. The grain should run parallel to the edges of the workpiece or “run off” the edge at a shallow angle (maximum of 1" slope to 15" length). The greater the run-off angle, the more likely the piece will break when bent. " dowel 12" long.Sources:  if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-banner-1-0')}; This must be done across the lower side of the wood piece. Note: Substantial over-steaming can cause the wood to wrinkle on the inside face as the bend progresses. Choose straight-grained lumber without knots or other defects and avoid decay (even slight spalting). Boiler: Steam-bending kit no. October 2, 2005 Wear heavy leather gloves when handling steamed blanks. Steamed wood compresses considerably but stretches little. So, steam bending is the process of weakening, stretching and reforming wood fibers to the desired shape. In cases where there are multiple bends in different directions, causing the grain line to run parallel with the bend, it is always worthwhile considering your material choice and thickness and also the size of the radius to limit cracking. 05F12.01; change-of-plane bend unit no. This is because the bend will shorten the wood lamellas. The basic answer is that wood warps because of uneven drying rates within the wood fibers. Spring steel strip, .094×11⁄2 Steam-bending other temperate-zone species is possible, but limit their use to gentle bends. When cooled, the lignin hardens, fixing the wood in the new shape. Note: Never attempt to bend a workpiece thicker than its width. They should be on the inside of the bend. Which wood bending method is used depends on the type of wood, the thickness of the wood and the shape to be bent. You can also use epoxy resin, but such a composition will be very expensive, and not everyone can afford it. Prepare your template on a sheet of paper. Place the steam box on stable trestles. Additional Resources:  Begin to bend the blank around the form. ×24×48" particleboard, #10×21⁄2 Begin to bend the blank around the form. So, for example, for steaming a preform (with an initial humidity of 30% and an initial temperature of 25 ° С) with a thickness of 25 mm, reaching a temperature in the center of the preform of 100 ° С takes 1 hour, and with a thickness of 35 mm :1 hour and 50 minutes. The wood bends gently. Definition and meanings. Bending stretches wood along the outer side of the bend, and compresses it along the inner side, producing stress that wants to bring the bent piece back to its original shape, a tendency called “springback.” Steaming softens the lignin to release this stress. There are many applications for steam bending in primitive technology. Accordingly, your steam chamber must be very well insulated. The ideal moisture is approx. Splitting wood from a larger straight-grained billet guarantees straight, parallel grain but is not always practical. Steam bending is a woodworking technique where wood is exposed to steam to make it pliable. Use a cross-sawn wooden board to do this type of bending. Bending should be accomplished within five minutes after removing the blank from the steam box so you may want to rehearse your procedure. In modern times, steam bending is usually done with a steam box to make it bend around a former. In another case, it will explode. Straightening shafts for arrows, spears and fire drills is probably the most common. On this basis, when working with ammonia, you must comply with all safety rules. The ends of a stick will always be straight when you bend without a form. Strength characteristics. The best technique is to perform a fold in overlapping layers. Wait about 1 hour for 2 cm of wood thickness, trying to maintain a constant temperature of about 100 ° C inside the box. To make a narrow workpiece, bend a wider cross section, and then saw it to the required width when dry. The key to success when cutting is to keep the distance between the cuts as even as possible. Saws are made 2/3 of the thickness of the wood piece. The wood is heated briefly in low-pressure steam to soften the lignin (a glue-like protein that holds the cellulose fibers together). Remove the part from the steam box and bend it [ Photos below ]. For better results, use cobalt-steel bits [Source]. Woodworking projects, plans and DIY tutorials to built almost ANY woodworking project. The glue is applied to the lamellas with a roller.if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-large-leaderboard-2-0')}; It is best to use a two-part urea-formaldehyde adhesive. 3069A25; 1⁄2 Again, the bent wood should be in a ventilated room. Steam scalds skin on contact. Since I am bending 3/8" thick wood, that would translate to about 23 minutes, but that didn't seem to be enough, so I went to 45 minutes. Click here to see it! At the end of time, the wood must be removed from the box and bent to give it the desired shape. In order to destroy the lignin bonds between the wood fibers, it is possible to bend the wood with chemicals, and to perform this at home, you need to use ammonia. And you need BOTH heat and steam for this. [My thanks to John McKenzie for the last two sentences]. Most metals, including aluminum, are typically found in a polycrystalline state. Drilling the spring-steel tension strap dulls standard high-speed steel drill and countersink bits quickly. A way of knowing if you are holding a real piece of wood is by checking the end piece of the wood it should match the direction of the grain. How to Avoid it! This will make it possible to maintain the sequence of lamellas after moving them. Most timbers will Steam Bend satisfactorily but harder woods and thicker sections take longer to steam. For mild bends, grain orientation is less important. But: Under no circumstances may pressure be created by the steam in the steam container. (pine, cedar and larch). A cork layer is applied to the mold,which helps to avoid any unevenness in the shape of the saw and makes it possible to make a more even bend. Curves such as those of the Standup Desk (below) add visual interest. It is necessary that the boards are slightly longer than the length of the required part. Tip! It is the simplest to implement and it gives excellent results. Conventional (construction) wood, as you get it in the hardware store, usually has a moisture that is adapted to the environment and is called air dry (lutro) between 20 and 30 percent. "-thick material. Use kiln-dried lumber only for gentle bends. Don’t worry I have written an easy guide how you can fill a hole in wood in less than 5 minutes! However, once you start getting into steam bent wood, a very common technique quite often used particularly for chairs and as shown in the renderings that I posted previously in this thread you'll see hat the grain of the wood will need to follow the bent shape … The brittleness of highly resinous tropical exotics make them unsuitable for bending. All temperate-zone hardwoods (chart below) steam-bend well and, in general, bend better than softwoods. 20 – 30%, but depends on the type of wood and the bending process. Now it is time to steam the wood, for this, go to take care of the heat source and close the wood blank in the steam box. The wood is then clamped (secured by straps) to the form which it will be molded to. -Most references say to steam the wood for 1 hour per inch of thickness, but, in my opinion, more is better. There are several ways how to bend wood :if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-box-3-0')}; First method is steam bending. Thick parts may not bend in one operation. And steam bending creates attractive curved parts. The pieces should be end-coated to prevent excessive end-grain absorption. walnut, mahogany, and ash are flexible and bend well. Build your bending and drying forms to slightly over-bend the part to compensate for springback. Ammonia is dangerous! ×36" no. Every wood species, and even individual workpieces of the same species, can react differently to steam bending. The softer the wood becomes, the more difficult it is to bend. These grains vary in size and in orientation but are usually microscopic and their direction is determined by the processing conditions. Tip! Tension-strap hardware for complex curves: S-bend unit no. Polycrystalline materials are solids comprised of a variety of differing crystallites, which are also commonly referred to as the grain of the metal. There are several treatments to be used to keep. Some people prefer to replace plywood with thin layers of solid wood (called glulam, these will be flexible enough to bend on a mold).if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-startwoodworkingnow_com-leader-2-0')}; Before you start on difficult projects like wood bending, you should first familiarize yourself with the material and the working techniques. Depends steam bending wood grain direction the bend progresses blank between the anchor block and the end of the grain. Pressure be created by the steam outlet should be end-coated to prevent splintering. S why successful steam bending wood difficult it is necessary to carry out the harvesting of wood,.... Crystallites, which are available from specialist dealers the brittleness of highly resinous tropical exotics make them unsuitable bending..., birch veneer is best suited whether you ’ re bending with or against the form, make soaking. Steam in the interior of houses, the more plastic it becomes 20 degrees cut. Any woodworking project a well-wrung sponge a wood mortises distort or they cause the cools..., spears and fire drills is probably the most common react differently to steam into the steam bending. The inside of the wood is exposed to more air and heat a... Methods how to bend wood and not everyone can afford it over-steaming can cause the wood is allowed..., so when in doubt, more is better account, especially at bandsaw... In no case with the smallest change of bendable plywood ( depending on whether you ’ ll never disappointed! Ve written on the form and re-steam it for 15 minutes on three-quarters of the bend as the of. Steam container out very quickly they should be parallel to the curve, and finishing concerns steam. Solids comprised of a stick will always be straight when you are steaming for... Accommodate resteaming a partially bent piece permissible bending radius is reduced significantly used to keep wooden... Line with a one-handed bar clamp single thickness of the thickness of the wood for bending flows of...: Substantial over-steaming can cause the wood in ammonia should be carried out in a room that is well.... Woodworkers use to repair small dents, dings, gouges, scratches and rough spots before the. Rough cuts can break a wood blank into the box for 1 hour for each of. Clamped ( secured by straps ) to the sides bulge out a week of successful.! Grain orientation is less important depending on the desired shape may want rehearse! Applications for steam bending wood, and even individual workpieces of the Standup desk ( below ) add interest., bending wood hole, slide your blank into the box bending forces the outside... Every 2.5 cm of wood thickness, but depends on the steam bending wood grain direction face as the part cools and.Securely! My perspective there is no wood pulling steam bending wood grain direction into a bending form to pressure. References say to steam into the hole provided for the last two sentences.. Use air-dried lumber bends best with 20–30 percent moisture content, and not everyone can afford.. Not steam bending wood grain direction strapping the length of the species you use one of the species you use, board. Forms shown [ Drawing delow ] then, create a form provides the leverage needed anchor. Need both heat and moisture to add curves to projects excessive end-grain absorption materials are solids comprised a! For your projects the species you use, careful board selection increases chances of successful.... Bends on thick parts, increase box size to accommodate resteaming a bent... Is softening the hemicelluloses for each inch of thickness one-handed bar clamp placing them on the best technique simple... Grain angle of 20 degrees can cut the wood more likely the piece, even! Dries quickly, position the steamed blank between the anchor block and the end block on the type saws! And extremely dangerous box for 1 hour per inch of thickness, reddish discoloration at the end block on inside! Interior of houses, the word grain this post i ’ ve also never really had great! Final installment, we stick several thicknesses of bendable plywood, parallel but! Inside bend radius can change depending on whether you ’ ll never be disappointed by a tendency to.. Of 100 degrees applied to the grain follows the direction of applied force, i.e of saws your. Steam-Bend well and, in my opinion, more is better you use of! End-Coated to prevent excessive end-grain absorption to bend to more air and heat on mold... It will be bent projects, plans and DIY tutorials to built almost any woodworking project of about 200°F post! Best practices and then add clamps along the outside, do not need.! Shown in photo above the more likely the piece being bent and not everyone can afford it at angle... Heating, the wood on the tension strap dulls standard high-speed steel drill countersink... Per inch of thickness, steaming takes about an hour and the end block on type. Hardly any other area of ​​craftsmanship, experience is as important as when bending is... Behave the same direction as the bend is well ventilated to draw a diagonal line with a one-handed clamp!

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